Research Information System
in: Handbook of Research on Institutional, Economic, and Social Impacts of Globalization and Liberalization, Yilmaz Bayar, Editor, IGI Global, Pennsylvania, pp.412-426, 2021
This study consists of trade openness in Turkey within the scope of the 1985-2018 period and examination
of the cointegration and causality relationship between the Gini coefficient and per capita income levels.
In this regard, per capita income, which is one of the economic welfare indicators, has been used as the
control variable. ARDL boundary test models used in the analysis have been examined by forming two
models in which both variables have been evaluated as dependent variables. Therefore, the short- and
long-term effects of both variables on each other have been determined. The cointegration relationship
tests performed within the scope of the ARDL boundary test in the first stage of the analysis showed that
these variables act together in the long run. However, it has been determined that the trade openness
ratio negatively affected income justice in the short and long term.