Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS, cilt.234, 2025 (SCI-Expanded)
Carbon-rich nano-biochar and conventional biochar have emerged as cost-effective, sustainable materials for heavy metal (HM) remediation and soil improvement. Derived from anaerobic thermal processes, these materials immobilize HMs through adsorption, complexation, and precipitation while enhancing soil fertility and climate resilience. The capacity of agricultural systems to withstand and recover from climate-induced stresses such as drought, extreme temperatures, and erratic rainfall should be increased. Nano-biochar, in particular, strengthens resilience by improving drought tolerance (via enhanced water retention and root-zone moisture regulation), nutrient retention (reducing leaching under heavy rainfall), and microbial stability (supporting beneficial soil microbiota under abiotic stresses). However, scalability challenges such as high energy inputs and feedstock variability remain key barriers to widespread nano-biochar adoption. Nevertheless, nano-biochar offers superior performance due to its nanoscale size & properties by employing advanced mechanisms like electrostatic attraction, redox reactions, and cation-It interactions that reduce HM uptake in crops by 30-95 % while increasing yields up to 59 % as demonstrated by aggregated research data discussed in this review. Compared to conventional biochar, nano-biochar demonstrates enhanced nutrient availability, water retention, and microbial activity, along with unique capabilities in nano-biosensing and carbon sequestration (up to 30 %). This review systematically compares their remediation efficiencies, production methods, and agricultural benefits while highlighting critical research gaps needing field validation, including long-term ecological impacts and scalable production economics. The results suggest targeting nano-biochar application in high-value situations-HM-contaminated soils, drylands, precision agriculture systems-coupled with policy incentives (subsidiies, carbon credits) and farmer training schemes to upscale take-up might be valuable. By integrating nano-biochar into climate-smart agro-ecosystem strategies, a collection of stakeholders can address simultaneously food security, environmental renewal, and climate change adaptation goals.